Slavery in Colonial Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Subjugation in Colonial Latin America - Essay Example This is generally clear in Latin America. The historical backdrop of Latin America is a perplexing interchange of financial and political plan that slammed these nations in because of what must be named the battle for matchless quality between European forces from the fifteenth century. The term Latin America is attributed to nations in South America, North America, Central America and the Caribbean Islands that lie south of the United States where the communicated in language is of Spanish or Portuguese extraction. (Latin America, 2007) Pioneer Latin America is the period that many accept started with the revelation of Christopher Columbus of the Americas, alluded to as the New World, arriving in the Bahamas in 1492, yet in reality the frontier time started when the Council of the Indies was assembled in 1524 advertisement finished with the Comuero revolt in 1781. (Provincial Period, 1998) This was after the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1493 isolated the New World wherein the Spanish controlled everything west of the Line of Demarcation and the Portuguese had control over the east, which later became Brazil. Now, the indigenous individuals, including the decision Incas and Aztecs, had been overwhelmed by the pilgrims. Enormous rates of the indigenous individuals in colonized Latin America passed on during this period, credited generally to sicknesses brought by the Europeans, for example, measles to which the locals had no resistance against. It was to expand the pool of accessible slave work that the homesteaders chose to exploit the wars in Western Africa which brought about an overabundance of accessible captives of African plummet in the late sixteenth. This privilege of business people to import slaves or asientos was constrained by King Charles I of Spain. These slaves were cultivated out to the various states in huge numbers, dwarfing the indigenous and European populace joined. Be that as it may, not every single dark settler are African-conceived. Spain brought Spanish-conceived Africans called Ladinos to fill in as mine workers. Free Africans likewise moved to the New World looking for a superior life. (Cruz, 2000) The transition to free the slaves started in the French settlement of Saint-Domingue in 1793 in the French Revolutions when Lger Flicit Sonthonax liberated all slaves and made them full residents, just to have it renounced in 1802 by Napoleon Bonaparte. Until 1870, when the slave exchange was at last prohibited, it is evaluated that 10 million Africans were brought to the Americas, practically half to the Caribbean islands and the Guiana's while 38% went to Brazil. Territory Spanish America got 6% while North America and Europe generally approximated 4.5% each. It appears to be obvious from a well known perspective that the impacts of the African migrants, as slaves or something else, and less significantly the European homesteaders who overwhelmed them have served to improve an in any case independent populace. The invasion of an outside impact has prompted the development and improvement of the Latin American culture that would somehow or another be obscure in the cutting edge period. The reason for this paper is to feature the job of the importation of captives of African plummet on the social, social, and financial arrangement of Latin American nations. II. Job of Slavery on Colonial Latin America A. Social perspectives Preceding the importation of

The Great Chain of Being Essay Example For Students

The Great Chain of Being Essay History of Science 333Most of the ideas about the idea of living things in the early current time were gotten from the works of Aristotle. Aristotle expounded on the idea of unmistakable kinds of life forms that could be recognized from all the rest. Aristotle was keen on significantly more than the natural world, and endeavored to manufacture a hypothesis of the world all in all. As a feature of this hypothesis, he accepted that all of nature could be viewed as a continuum of association from inert issue. This issue comprised of the four embracements of water, earth, fire and air and created everything right to the most mind boggling types of life. He thought of people as unique in relation to the remainder of creatures however on account of their ability for reason and thought. Aristotle proposed a position requesting of every living thing, from the least to the most elevated (people). This thought created, during the later hundreds of years, into the idea of the Great Chain of Bei ng. Every single living thing were viewed as individuals from constant kinds, called species, which could be requested from the least to the most elevated. Every specie has at any rate one similitude between the animal types above it and underneath it in the stepping stool. Just people were conceived and passed on; species themselves were endless. The representation of the chain of being proposed that these species were connected to one another by an intelligent movement. This idea, in the Western convention, is the consequence of the endeavor to consolidate the Aristotelian way of thinking and Christian religious philosophy. To take a gander at this from the strict point of view regular theologists utilized the incredible chain of being to show that God had made steadiness on the planet and connected all coexistence to demonstrate that God existed. God made species in the extraordinary chain of being in an ideal set and pecking order. In the strict viewpoint, God and the holy messengers were at the highest point of the stepping stool and gave people the heavenly option to order over the creatures on down to plants, and afterward earth itself. The fixity of species was likewise mixed over to the political parts of humankind by indicating how unique social classes mock the regular world. The ruler was viewed as the immediate ruler from God and has the celestial option to order his nation from God and is steady at the highest point of the chain of being. Different privileged people and the strict specialists would speak to the next higher requests of the normal world, etc down the line to the laborers with every social class stuck in its place. The Great Chain of Being as portrayed by Aristotle was adjusted to the strict tenet of Christianity through time to the early present day time as depicting the fixity of the normal world. The chain was later used to show how the stepping stool was fit into the strict part of order just as the political classes of mankind.

Tips For Writing Sample of Debates Essay

Tips For Writing Sample of Debates EssayYou may have been asked to write a sample of debates essay in college. This type of essay is often required for a class on government or public policy. Students are often given an essay prompt to create a persuasive argument about a topic.Many colleges and universities now require these types of essays for their political science, economics, or public policy classes. This type of debate research may also be required by companies who are trying to hire employees. These types of essay subjects are becoming more popular due to the fact that students are often unable to talk to a real person to develop an argument.The best way to write samples of debates essays is to use examples that relate to what you want to say. One example could be comparing a college's mission statement with its beliefs. Another example could be comparing a few terms in a school's university's statutes with the intent for those laws to be upheld. All of these examples can be used to help you develop a persuasive argument.There are three main types of common arguments that students will be using when writing a sample of debates essay. The first type of argument could be the position you are required to argue. It could also be the position that you hold for personal reasons.Another common argument is the most common position that most of the people in the United States hold. Finally, there is the position that you hold for your career in business or government. Each of these types of arguments relate to a subject or matter that you need to write about.It is important that you create a clear argument. This means that you need to communicate your position as clearly as possible. Using examples of debates can help you do this, but your arguments must be a few key words short.For example, if you are required to write an argument about capitalism, you would not use the term 'capitalism' once in your argument. You would use a word that is only used about a quar ter of the time. Your main point would be that capitalism is not the best way to run the country.The most important thing you can do when writing an argument in a sample of debates essay is to know what the topic is. You should be able to take a basic idea and make it more compelling. The first step is knowing what you want to say and then creating an argument that expresses it.

Motivation Theories Essay - 1149 Words

Motivation is defined as â€Å"the desire to achieve a goal or a certain performance level† (Bauer Erdogen, 2009, p.97). Motivation theories are useful tools that organizations can use to energize employees and foster a stimulating work environment. These theories are categorized as either content or process theories. Today, Bauer and Erdogen (2009) state that many organizations have applied motivation theories ,such as the goal setting theory and reinforcement theory, in order to modify their employees’ behavior in the workplace through goals and reward systems. According to the reinforcement theory, behavior that is rewarded is often repeated. As a result, many organizations have utilized this theory by tying rewards to performance (Bauer †¦show more content†¦Fallon and McConnell (2007) define a performance appraisal as a â€Å"structured event† in which employee performance is examined. Such reviews are normally based on documents such as the job de scription and a performance appraisal form. Bauer and Erdogen (2009) strongly believe that the organizational use of performance appraisals is beneficial for many reasons. â€Å"When employees have goals, they tend to be more motivated if they also receive feedback about their progress† (Bauer Erdogen, 2009, p.132).Both Nickols (2007) and Fallon and McConnell (2007) agree that performance appraisals are excellent tools that can be use to provide employees with feedback on their performance. â€Å"The goal of providing performance feedback is to help the rater solve performance problems to motivate the employee to change behavior† (Bauer Erdogen, 2009, p.134). Nickols (2007) also believes that such appraisals also provide the opportunity to identify training and performance options and for employees to establish their personal goals. Further, â€Å"performance appraisals afford the corporation legal protection against employee lawsuits for discrimination and wrongful termination† (Nickols, 2007, p.14) Bauer and Erdogen (2009) state that when a supervisor uses the performance appraisal interview to give employees constructive criti cism, encourage employee participation, and focus on the employee’s behavior , the employees tend to react positively. However,Show MoreRelatedTheories Of Motivation And Motivation Theories1493 Words   |  6 Pagesextent, needs of theories of motivation are still relevant to contemporary management practice. Theories of motivation are important as it helps managers to understand their employees’ needs of motivations, and to motivate their employees to perform and excel better. There are several motivation theories; this essay will briefly explain six major theories of motivation and discuss three of the theories in more detail. This essay will also explain the needs theories of motivation, and will focus onRead MoreMotivation Theory : Motivation And Motivation846 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor Jones Psychology April 28 2016 Motivation Theories Having motivation to do something is very important. Motivation plays a huge roll in everyone’s life, even If someone has very little motivation. There are several types of motivation such as Instinct and drive motivation. These two motivations are quite similar, but different at the same time. I will compare and contrast both of these types of motivation and what I think about them. These motivations are very important to your life and canRead MoreMotivation Theories Of Motivation And Motivation Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pages Overview of Presentation What is motivation? Cognitive theories of Motivation Forms of Motivation Motivation Theories Profile of Motivational Problems How to Motivate Students What is Motivation? Many different theorists have tried to define what is meant by motiviation. Urdan and Schoenfelder (2006) defined Motivation as follows: â€Å"Motivation is a complex part of human psychology and behavior that influences how individuals choose to invest their time, how much energy they exert in any givenRead MoreMotivation And Theory Of Motivation1464 Words   |  6 PagesIt is suggested by psychologists that motivation can be understood as a technique that works as a model that starts and maintains behaviours. The reason we all act or do something is caused by motivation; it is related to the emotions, biology and the social factors that influence behaviour. It is usually a term used to explain why an individual will do something, the reasons behind that action. Moreover, The term motivation refers to factors that activate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behaviourRead MoreThe Theory Of Motivation And Motivation1401 Words   |  6 Pages Schools of thought in relation to motivation refer to the theories developed by different psychologists to explain motivation in dept. it is crucial to understand motivation and the factors that cause it since it contributes to achievement of one’s goal and desires in life. Therefore, motivation can be described as the process of enticing an individual through a reward to increase the occurrence of a specified behavior in an organization. Different factors can be used as motivators in an organizationRead MoreThe Theory Of Motivation And Motivation1010 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation is defined as an act or process that inspires and stimulates a person to be an effort to achieve a goal. It not only puts employees in act, but also makes them feel interesting with their job. As a result, most of employees are feeling satisfaction with their job, becoming creativity, innovation and productivity as well. However, to successful in motivating the staff is required an appropriate met hod that meets with all staff’s need. Otherwise, it is seems to useless in driving the employeesRead MoreMotivation Theory And Expectancy Theory Of Motivation1742 Words   |  7 Pagesplace. This problem mainly occurs in organisation when there is lack of motivation, lack of organisational justice, negative culture and low morale. The purpose of this case study is to give brief view about, why employees had to face these problems and how to make positive culture and what and where the changes are required for the WA force. This report introduces MARS motivation theory and Expectancy theory of motivation for improves officers’ behaviours towards force, with that how can they fillRead MoreMotivation Theories And Motivation Of Employee Motivation Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagescontrol and some that are not. Employee motivation is something that can directly affect an organizations production. It is no secret that un-motivated employees equates to un-productive workers, but how can we combat this? In order to better understand this concept we will look at the definition of employee motivation, some of the motivation theories and some motivation techniques that could be useful in our organizations. What is employee motivation? Motivation is a word used quite often in many differentRead MoreMotivation Theories1236 Words   |  5 PagesThe four motivation theories are Biological theory, Psychosocial theory of motivation, Biopsychosocial, and Achievement theory. Everyone has their own motivation in life for continuing education, and career choices. Each person also has Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivators. Intrinsic is an internal motivation for self satisfaction. Extrinsic is an external motivation, or reward for a person’s accomplishment. Motivation Theories: Linda was motivated to go back to school because she wanted an educationRead MoreMotivation Theories1577 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Motivation is the will and desire that a person has to engage in a particular behaviour or perform a particular task† (Lawley King, P269). In life motivation will be needed to enhance the workforce in various ways, many organisations will use motivation to increase the percentage yield of an individual or to make an individual feel a part of the business or organisation. Incentives have a huge influence on behaviourist extrinsic approach. In addition other aspects; humanist theorist, intrinsic

Pathological Psychology Abnormal Psychology - 1204 Words

There is no clear cut definition for behavior that is labeled abnormal. It is this way due to the fact that society in its entirety has to agree on normative behavior. Because society will never have the exact same views, opinions, beliefs, or culture, an unmistakable definition will not occur. A simplified definition of this behavior is unusual conduct that goes against what is classified as ordinary in society. The study of this sort of behavior is abnormal psychology. Abnormal psychology focuses on atypical sequences of conduct, feelings, and ideas. Since disorders are any form of interruption in the methodical functioning of an individual, it can be viewed upon as abnormal. A branched area of abnormal psychology includes personality disorders, which indicates a mental disturbance. These particular types of disorders lead to a fixed form of judgement, operation, and action. In order to serve the population of those who deal with borderline personality disorder internally and exter nally, as well as handling the violence and aggression in intimate relationships, one must understand borderline personality disorder, the reasoning for the violence and aggression, the issues that could occur in an intimate relationship, and how to treat the perpetrator and offender appropriately. Every disorder had something trigger it into existence. Parents who withdrew themselves emotionally from their child and handled the child irregularly, most likely lead to abuse, neglect, andShow MoreRelatedPathological Psychology : Abnormal Behavior948 Words   |  4 Pages According to the modern perspective of abnormal psychology, abnormal behavior exists when an individual is behaving dangerously and/or showing patterns of behavior that are dysfunctional. Nevertheless, determining insanity among sanity has proven to be much more complicated than it sounds. An individual whose behavior strays from societal standards is not necessarily abnormally deviant or insane. John Hu simply exhibits behaviors that are different from that of typical European/French social normsRead MorePerception Of Abnormal Psychology And Psychopathology774 Words   |  4 Pagesof abnormal psychology and psychopathology and the implicit assumptions of both terms. Considering abnormal psychology is an alternative definition of psychopathology, it is assumed they are different in the eyes of society. Psychopathology is a term focused on the psyche (mind, soul) and a disorder (dysfunction, diseased, unhealthy and illness). It is also based from deviations from statistical and social norms along with maladaptive behavior, distress and impairment. Although abnormal psychologyRead MoreHistorical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology1163 Words   |  5 PagesHistorical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology Abnormal Psychology PSY 410 January 30, 2012 Historical Perspectives of Abnormal Psychology For many years, various forms of madness have been noted in every culture. Multitudes of theories, as well as some myths, have been developed to explain such conditions. Society’s opinion on what was considered abnormal was based on such phenomenon as paranormal forces, the anger of the gods, the influence of the moon, unstable personality, hereditaryRead MoreDna And Therapy Of Abnormal Psychology1291 Words   |  6 Pages EORY AND THERAPY OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY The biological model is most important in function of the human system. In psychotherapy, if we have deficits with our biology, then we fix the deficient, inhibit the unwanted response or excite the wanted response. As William DeMeyer, MD relates, â€Å"all human behavior consists of secreting substances or changing the length of muscle fibers. Whatever the behavior, it originates from nerve impulses traveling through neural circuits. Therefore, all behaviorsRead More Abnormal Psychology2516 Words   |  11 PagesThe field of abnormal psychology engages with the obscure line between normal and abnormal behaviour. This blur is as a result of the dissonance that occurs when the two terms are defined for example, when cultural perspectives are taken into consideration-where behaviour (for example sake, experiencing hallucinations) considered deviant in one population is normalcy in another. In attempt to make the field comprehensive a middle ground was determined by drawing on the common elements or patternsRead More Personality Disorders Essay example3944 Words   |  16 Pagesdecide whether the trait exists to an extent that can be considered pathological. DSM IV criteria are based on a categorical model in which a disorder is diagnosed if â€Å"enough of† certain traits are present as opposed to â€Å"not enough† traits which indicate a lack of the disorder. The five-factor model (FFM) is one of several personality theories that are used to explain the variance in normal and abnormal personality. The â€Å"Big Five† (cited in Klein, 1993; cited in BarlowRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Essay4334 Words   |  18 Pagesattention, and some controversy, since it was formally recognised in 1980 by the American Psychiatric Association. This essay will discuss the history of this relatively new diagnosis and its place within the DSM-IV-TR, whilst three perspectives of pathological reaction to trauma, namely, socio-cultural, psychological and biological factors will also be compared. In conclusion this essay will discuss how the three perspectives contrast and contribute to our understanding of PTSD. PTSD is a common anxietyRead MorePost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Research Paper6725 Words   |  27 Pageslarge amount of people who truly do experience this unfortunate disorder after experiencing a traumatic event. As Gersons and Carlier (1992) state, â€Å"PTSD in today’s society may be explained as an initially adequate reaction to danger, which becomes pathological if it does not disappear after the danger is gone.† Thus, because this disorder has become increasingly popular for both legitimate and illegitimate reasons, it is extremely important to not only understand the history of the disorder. but alsoRead MoreAggressive Behavior Essay1189 Words   |  5 Pagesunjust disadvantage or frustration is perceived, leading to hostility (Brown, 1986). Psychopathy is a mental disorder that is characterized by egocentricism, impulsivity, irresponsibility, shallow emotions, and lack of empathy, guilt, or remorse. Pathological lying, manipulativeness, and persistent violation of social norms and expectations are also typical of psychopathic behavior (Hare, 1996). This selfishness, manipulativeness, and continual social deviance are often displayed by aggressive behaviorRead MoreIs Homosexuality A Mental Disorder?1500 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuality has been one of the most controversial subjects around the world for thousands of years. Being a homosexual has been seen as taboo, morally wrong, and just abnormal. Scientists have questioned the mental health status of those who proclaim themselves as being homosexual, and have even gone as far to say that homosexuality is a mental disorder. Until 1974, being homosexual was deemed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as a mental illness, and classified

WWII Involved the Most Powerful Nations - 679 Words

The Second World War (WW2) was a global war that involved most of the great powerful nations, which formed two military alliances the Allies and Axis. WW2 is regarded one of the most widespread wars that involved 100 million people and thirty countries and the worst form of human conflict in history. Contrary to the previous wars, WW2 involved the use of nuclear bombs and sophisticated weapons, which exposed soldiers at high risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). During WW2, the U.S army psychiatrists understood that involvement on warfare may have devastating consequences on the well-being of soldiers and they introduced screening programs and intervention strategies to detect and address psychological disorders associated with combat missions . Despite these measures, the U.S army psychiatrists were puzzled with high number of soldiers who suffered from PTSD during and after the ww2. More than one million soldiers were thoroughly screened during the ww2, but 50% of them developed and suffered from PTSD thus raising a health concern among the health professionals. The reason WW2 soldiers did suffer from PTSD was because of witnessing horrible things, combat trauma and events that had happened before the start if the war. First, the act of witnessing and participating in the warfare exposed WW2 soldiers to high risk of suffering from PTSD. The soldiers witnessed and experienced inhuman acts of torture, destruction of property, killing of civilians,Show MoreRelatedPolitical Changes in Europe Following WWII1251 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War II (WWII) was a pivotal event that reshaped the Europe very much in terms of international politics. I agree to a large extent that Europe did see greater political changes than continuities following WWII. The most evident changes of which were that the United States of America (USA) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) gained international dominance in the world arena and that the United Nations (UN) was established following the League of Nations demise. WWII saw the declineRead MoreThe Battle Of The Japanese War1600 Words   |  7 PagesGuadalcanal in August 1942 during WWII to open the south pacific offensive and set out for months of bitter land, sea and air fighting that ended in critical Japan defeat (Millett, p.397).† Both opponents had lost warships in the combats around the island. But more ships had joined the U.S. fleet. This caused the Japanese navy to gradually reduce for the remainder of the war. 2. Plattsburg Movement After reading Module 1, the first WWI had practically involved every nation. So the Army and Navy in 1914Read MoreForeign Policy Of The United States1042 Words   |  5 Pages The foreign policy of the United States of America is the process in which it cooperates with foreign nations and sets guidelines of communication for the rest of the world. The foreign policy of the United States is the strategy by which the United States communicates with foreign countries. The U.S. has a powerful influence in this world. The global reach of the United States is backed by a $14.3 trillion dollar economy, roughly a quarter of worldwide GDP, and a protection spending plan of $711Read MoreThe Negative Effects Of Nuclear Weapons902 Words   |  4 Pagesthey can use them as threats to other countries. The first atomic weapon was created during WWII. There was the fear that the Nazis were creating one to use against Britain, the US, or soviet union. This caused US scientist to find out how to successfully make one before the Nazis could use one against us. Thus the purpose of these weapons are to show that the US government and military are very powerful and advanced co mpared to some of the other countries. (newint.org) In the article, â€Å"South KoreaRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The World War I1261 Words   |  6 Pageswar, WWII. I know this is a shock to you, but another war has begun. So let us sit down, I will let you take a breath, and when you are ready to begin, I will show you what the spark of WW11. There is a new leader instilled in Germany! WWII was caused by the invasion of Poland, and France declaring war on Germany, Italian fascism in the 1920s, Japanese militarism, appeasement, The league of Nations, and most prevalent, the political takeover of Germany by the Nazi party. The first stem to WWII wasRead MoreWhat Is the Difference Between the Battlefield and the Battlespace, and How Will This Difference Shape Conflict in the 21st Century?1649 Words   |  7 Pagesway the world views and deals with conflict in the 21st century. In order to explain the differences this paper will be written in a linear fashion, explaining how battles were fought in the days of old, from medieval times to the Second World War (WWII), how they are being fought now, the Cold War to Afghanistan, and how they will be fought in the future. Definitions Battlefield â€Å"The common definition of â€Å"battlefield† is quite simple: a battlefield is the piece of ground on which a battle isRead MoreEffects of the Bombing of Hiroshima779 Words   |  3 Pagesradiation from the bombs they were exposed to. Because of the dehumanizing effects from the use of these bombs and powerful they truly are, and the fact that the primary target of these weapons are innocent civilians, atomic bombs should be outlawed from any further use or tests, and all remaining weapons should be deactivated. As time has passed since the end of WWII, several nations have shown that they no longer need to keep their nuclear arsenals, and they can still be secure on a foreign andRead MoreMost Significant Period Of The 20th Century1171 Words   |  5 Pages World war II was one of the most significant period of the 20th century. The war was fought from 1939 to 1945 in Europe, and during 1930s to 1940s in Asia. The war in Europe began with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and ended with the official surrender of Japan, the last axis nation. It was the largest armed conflict in history, involving the entire world’s countries more than the other war. Not only that, WWII introducing powerful new weapons, culminating in the first use ofRead MoreDownfall Of The Austro Hungarian Empire1725 Words   |  7 PagesRevelations of the instability of imperial nations and their colonies in the Twentieth century marked the beginning of the end of a multipolar power system that once influenced the world. This inevitable outcome would be the result of the attitudes held by the colonial powers, the ideologies set by the anti-imperialist forces, and the role of external powers. The factors of politics and military actions would als o catalyze the power shift by the end of WWII. Early in the twentieth century we wouldRead MoreThe First Half Of The Twentieth Century1304 Words   |  6 PagesSidi Mahdi Mardakli The first half of the twentieth century has been the most dreadful, and the most unstable of all time for the humanity. Wars, conflicts, and genocides plagued many parts of the world during that time especially in Europe which became the main battlefield for two major wars. It is certainly the worst period of human kind’s history. Millions lost their lives in what became the deadliest period of humanity. Beyond its dreadful aspect, this period showed how radical nationalism combined

How Zalora influences their customer behaviour Free Solution

Question: Describe all the marketing efforts they make ( online and offline ) to encourage their customer to shop and buy in the Singapore market.? Answer Introduction: ZALORA sells accessories, apparel, shoes and beauty products for men and women as an online fashion retailer. Its headquarter is located in Singapore. ZALORA has its localized sites in Malaysia, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Philippines, Thailand, Brunei and Vietnam. ZALORA sells both local and international brands in each country. In Australia and New Zealand ZALORA also operates as iconic (a Sydney based online, Australian fashion retailer). In Singapore it is a flagship investment of rocket internet. ZALORA launched in 2012. As a major player in Asian-Pacific region, it has been serving more than 2 million customers since 2012. It stepped its feet into market with the help of Tech incubator Rocket Internet and German venture fund. In 2013 ZALORA expanded the services by offering a delivery service to Brunei. In mid 2013 ZALORA expanded the offered service in Malaysia by offering a delivery service to the Brunei. In 2013s last quarter, ZALORA launched its own private label. It has also com e know that it had become the sole online distributor of River Island, UK based fashion brand in Southeast Asia. ZALORA has also announced about their successful completion of the second round of funding by raising a total amount of US$112 Million (Kim, 2012). ZALORA declared about the plans to set up a marketplace in the first quarter of a 2014. There are two leading platform in social-commerce, which are Zalora.com and ZALORA face book. Entrepreneurs, who wish to sell their craft, are able to set up their own online boutique through ZALORA marketplace and do customization accordingly Factors that influence buying behavior of customers to purchase: ZALORA opened in Singapores ION Orchard Shopping Center. ZALORAs Singapore marketing director Dione Song emphasis upon the fact of dominance of the retail space is evident through customer behavior. Dione said there is a significant share of overall retail in offline marketing, which is seen as a lot of potential to test out such a retail concept. Drawing consumer insight, Dione said about shops physical space is fulfilling the aim of making the shopping experience less worrisome for the customers as it removed hindrances, which are found during online purchases on fashion merchandise. For example, shoppers are unable to feel the fabric or to try the items to get the perfect fit. Regional managing director of ZALORA called the store a great customer acquisition tool (Market Research Portal, 2006). ZALORA is no doubt the best online boutique in Malaysia. ZALORA offers varieties of amazing online products for both women and men. As an online marketing strategy ZAROLA adopt Business-to-Consumer strategy, where the products are directly sold to end users through online. There are growing numbers of consumer, who are using internet enabled devices to find and compare best price-matching offers. In online exchange process, customers can initiate and control the contact. Hence online marketing requires new marketing approaches ZALORA is seen to apply them (Nawatta Kimwong, 2013). The rapid development in IT (information technology) gives a great impact. There are lots of people who are using it and it is potential for organization and business to transform from a common B-to-C platform to a social commerce, which is more customer oriented. There are two leading platform in social-commerce, which are Zalora.com and ZALORA face book. There are some review papers, which show the e-commerce objectives for each designing principle layer to give focus for the identification of the user preferences, building community and to develop conversation- all these provide high quality websites, motivates users (Marsden, 2001). According to Shein (2012), online footwear and fashion seller ZALORA has agreed upon both regional and domestic strategy, offering its fashion goods across Southeast Asia, Taiwan and Hong Kong as well as within the country. ZALORA offers many unique conditions, which attract customer to engage with them. ZALORA have more than 300 local and international brands with expensive catalogue of menswear, womenswear, beauty product, cosmetic with various styles and categories with different rice range. The most highlighted offer provided by ZALORA is the free shipping within Malaysia and 30 days return policy. Again, ZALORA is committed to provide a enjoyable shopping experience along with great customer service. Sellers, who wish to build their own online fashionable wares, will find that it is easy enough to create their own online shop within ZALORA. They will even get help in setting up shop with free advice and consultations from ZALORAs strategic marketplace expert (Rees and Park, 2013). Strongest influence to purchase apparels on ZALORA based on six factors, such as perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, service and product quality, information security and privacy, role of experimental online shopping motives and social influences (Hassan, Zaman and Santosa, 2015). Perceived usefulness is considered as the degree to which someone can believe that his performance can be enhanced by the system (Solomon, 2006). Privacy refers to the condition, where based on individual identification, a condition of limited access is given. On the other aspect security can be described as the state or quality of being secure and to be out of danger while online (Noel, 2009). Good quality of product information helps to increase customers confidence and trust for the shopping in website. Better product information helps customers to be more confident on online purchases because consumers trust the website. Hence, they feel lower risk of information security. At the same time product prices are main concern as they affect purchase intention. With the rapid growth of the internet along with e-business technology, there is a rapid growth in internet exchange, where products are available at lower prices than in conventional outlets (Goworek, 2007). Generally social circle of a person comprises of his peers constitute of family member, friends. Therefore online shopping is a socially desirable behavior. Beside all these, social media also contribute a strong impact towards buying things online through the exposure of the products online with the help of social networking sites or with the attractive advertisement (Paley, 2007). Online shopping experience comprises a present or past occurrence and results in two scenarios, such as outcome of desired fulfillment and outcome of desired conflict. Outcome of desired conflict occurs when a person fails to achieve goal or experiences an unpleasant incident, which develop negative emotional reaction (Cooke, Watkins and Moy, 2008). Results of including cross cultural strategy: ZALORAs market place is a unique hub for those who look out for one-of-a-kind fashion pieces and independent to sell to the individual test of buyers. Entrepreneurs, who wish to sell their craft, are able to set up their own online boutique through ZALORA marketplace and do customization accordingly (Cline, 2012). Sellers, who wish to build their own online fashionable wares, will find that it is easy enough to create their own online shop within ZALORA. They will even get help in setting up shop with free advice and consultations from ZALORAs strategic marketplace expert (Rees and Park, 2013). Marketers can benefit by making more effective marketing mix and target on the perception of the ease of use aspect, which can expand customer base and customer retention. ZALORAs this strategy can be considered as both the local and global strategy. As it is giving chances to entrepreneurs to customize their boutique according to their local strategy and the entrepreneurs are allowed get participation from any location across the globe. This scenario gives ZALORA to explore their cross cultural strategy (Cant, Brink and Brijball, 2006). There are some review papers, which show the e-commerce objective of this cross cultural strategies to give focus for the identification of the user preferences, building community and developing conversation provides high quality websites, motivates users. Recommendation: It is highly recommended for ZALORA to include more interactive interviews (offline) or the blogs (online) to go in-depth sight on ZALORA. Hence, respondents across Malaysia can get the opportunity to share their opinion regarding the brand (Wojcieszak, 2009). Conclusion: With all the discussion done above, all factors and perceived usefulness has been found most significant to affect customers purchasing intention towards ZALORA apparels. Even customers find it easy to have online shopping and also more time saving. From the above study it is evident that the perceived ease of use needs to be considered by marketers, so that increment in sales and consumption of their products can take place by advancing their ease of navigation. Marketers can benefit by making more effective marketing mix and target on the perception of the ease of use aspect, which can expand customer base and customer retention. Entrepreneurs, who wish to sell their craft, are able to set up their own online boutique through ZALORA marketplace and do customization accordingly. ZALORA offers many unique conditions, which attract customer to engage with them. ZALORA have more than 300 local and international brands with expensive catalogue of menswear, womenswear, beauty product, co smetic with various styles and categories with different price range. The most highlighted offer provided by ZALORA is the free shipping within Malaysia and 30 days return policy. Again, ZALORA is committed to provide an enjoyable shopping experience along with great customer service. There are some review papers, which shows the e-commerce objectives for each designing principle layer give focus for the identification of the user preferences, building community and to develop conversation, provides high quality websites, motivates users. References Cant, M., Brink, A. and Brijball, S. (2006). Consumer behaviour. Cape Town, South Africa: Juta. Cline, E. (2012). Overdressed. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. Cooke, M., Watkins, N. and Moy, C. (2008). A hybrid online and offline approach to market measurement studies. International Journal of Market Research, 51(1), p.29. Goworek, H. (2007). Fashion buying. Oxford: Blackwell Pub. Hassan, H., Zaman, B. and Santosa, I. (2015). Tolerance of Islam: A Study on Fashion among Modern and Professional Malay Women in Malaysia. IJSSH, 5(5), pp.454-460. Kim, M. (2012). The Relation of Fashion Image and Followership. Fashion business, 16(4), pp.64-74. Market Research Portal. (2006). Choice Reviews Online, 44(02), pp.44-0707-44-0707. Marsden, D. (2001). Deconstructing consumer behaviour: theory and practice. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 1(1), pp.9-21. Nawatta Kimwong, (2013). The study of two international social commerce companies. [Bangkok, Thailand]: Faculty of Commerce and Accountancy, Thammasat University. Noel, H. (2009). Consumer behaviour. Lausanne, Switzerland: AVA Academia. Paley, N. (2007). The marketing strategy desktop guide. London: Thorogood. Rees, K. and Park, E. (2013). Globalization and fashion marketing performance. Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, 4(1), pp.1-3. Solomon, M. (2006). Consumer behaviour. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Wojcieszak, M. (2009). Carrying Online Participation Offline -Mobilization by Radical Online Groups and Politically Dissimilar Offline Ties. Journal of Communication, 59(3), pp.564-586.

Financial Ratios and Division Managers free essay sample

The front desk receptionist routinely takes an extra 20 minutes of lunch to run personal errands. Agency Problem: she took an extra 20 minutes to do her personal errands instead of working, which she puts her own self interests before the best interests of the company. Occurred cost: the salary that the company pays to her. The solution would depend on the boss on her work performance in the past. If she has an important personal errand to do during that time, then boss might need to talk to her and explain the solution for her. This problem can be final dealt by clocking-in and clocking-out even time for lunch hours. B) Division managers are padding cost estimates so as to show short-term efficiency gains when the costs come in lower than the estimates. Agency Problem: Division managers use their authority to mislead information and a problem exists when management and stockholders have conflicting ideas on how the company should be run in short-term. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Ratios and Division Managers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It will mess up the management in order to plan costs. Also it might ruin the number balance sheets and which could affect future gains. This might mean that the division managers who wish to engage in capital expenditures can now secure a short-term benefit from lower estimates. Occurred cost: The solution is management should monitor division managers performance and might give managers the performance shares which result in meeting the stated performance goals. These goals must be more efficient and accurate in order for management to plan goal to generate profit. Agency cost: By reducing and by providing appropriate incentives to align the interests to division managers. C) The firm’s chief executive officer has secret talks with a competitor about the possibility of a merger in which he would become the CEO of the combined firms. Agency Problem: The chief executive officer risks negative behavior because of dealing with the competition and did not involve his company’s best interests. He is putting his needs of planning a secret merger with his competition, which most likely can result potential profit for him, and possibly his company, if the merger is a positive one. Since he knows that his merger will occur (due to the fact of his direct â€Å"under the table† dealings with his competition), he can then go forward openly with his own company to promote the merger. Occurred cost: The CEO should know himself and the risks of CEO overconfidence. His behavior results in exactly this type of good faith mismanagement of the business. It is very important that the company should continue improving both legal and non-legal mechanisms that remedy conflict-of-interest problems by guarding against looting, fraud, and other forms of corporate corruption and disloyalty and by incentivizing managers to maximize shareholder value. The added challenge for corporate governance is to move beyond managerial motives to account more for human psychology and how managers actually behave and make business decisions when they are well-intentioned. D) A branch manager lay off experienced fulltime employees and staffs customer service positions with part-time or temporary workers to lower employment costs and raise this year’s branch profit. The manager’s bonus is based on profitability. Agency Problem: the branch manager created the personal goal to get more bonuses which depends on profitability and did not look into the company’s performance. Occurred cost: the management should be able to see that profitability does not come from sales. The cross section analysis helps the analyst to find out as to how a particular firm has performed in relation to its competitors. Time-Series analysis evaluates performance overtime by comparing current to the past performance. To look at significant year-to-year changes may be symptomatic of a major problem. Time series analysis helps to the firm to assess whether the firm is approaching the long-term goals or not. The Time series analysis looks for (1) important trends in financial performance (2) shift in trend over the years (3) significant deviation if any from the other set of data. So, I will compare the actual year 2007, 2008 and 2009. Liquidity by look at the current ratio and quick ratio that evaluating the speed with which certain accounts are converted into cash and its look at the ability of a company to meet its short-term obligations. As actual year 2009 the current ratio (2. 48) and quick ratio (1. 35) higher than the industry average and the higher is the better for company. If we look at the balance sheet we will see that the current asset and the current liability is decreased which is the big decreased from accounts payable. This shows that Marin Manufacturing Company have enough quick assets to pay off all current liabilities. Activity It shows relationship between the sales the assets. By evaluate inventory turnover, average collection period, and total asset turnover. As the inventory turnover of the Marin Manufacturing Company is less the industry average which I recommends that the company should manage inventory more efficiently. The average collection period is higher than both industry average and the past year which the manager should emphasis on the collection to decrease this number. It means that they have to change their policy of lending business for more efficiency of debt collection. The total asset turnover for the actual year is 1. 6 which more then the past year but it still less than the industry average. So, the company needs to increase sakes to meet the industry average. Debt can analyze by debt ratio and time interest earned ratio. The debt ratio of actual year 2009 is higher than the industry average it continue increasing since year 2007-2008. Its means that the company has high leveraged and might borrows more money in the year 2008. Also the higher debt ratio means higher risk for lenders and investors. For the time interest ratio which decrease from year 2008 at 1. 9 to be 1. 6 in year 2009 and lower than industry average it means the company might facing the risk that cash flows from operations will be insufficient to cover interest and principal payment. Profitability by evaluate gross profit margin, net profit margin, ROA and ROE. Gross Profit Margin is measuring how much amount is left to meet other expenses earn net profit which actual 2009 is at 27% that higher than the industry average (26%). Its mean that the company has high ability to sell goods at intended selling price. At 0. 65 % of net profit margin that decrease from 1. 1 % in 2007 to 1. 0% in year 2008 and less than industry average (1. 2%) that create low safety to the company. The higher risk that a decline in sales will erase profits and might result in net loss. The ROA and ROE both in year 2009 are decreasing to be less than the industry average and decresing from the past year. This show that the managerment is not managing asset effeicincy or assets are not being utilized effectively and lower ROE might caused by high debt. It seem like when this company are not very attractive for invertor if they looking at return on stockholders investment which is decreasing to be lower than industry averange. Market can analyze from P/E ratio and M/B ratio. For P/E in year 2009 is 34. 4 compare with the industry average at 43. 4 which lower and if compare to the past year it lower than year 2008. It means that investors are not perceive good growth potential of Marin Manufacturing Company.

Amazon Ads For Authors Two Case Studies Showing That They Do Work

Amazon Ads For Authors Two Case Studies Showing That They Do Work Amazon Ads for Authors: Two Case Studies Showing They Do Work Amazon ads have been the talk of indie author town since Amazon opened its AMS platform to all KDP users in 2016. While Facebook ads become increasingly competitive, as Mark Dawson already predicted on this blog back in 2015, Amazon has made huge improvements to their advertising platform, and are progressively becoming one of the most favored channels for marketing a book.Like any other advertising platform, the AMS platform comes with its own challenges and learning curve. And like any other platform, success largely depends on data analysis and iteration. In this post, we’ll analyze two case studies (one fiction, one nonfiction) and try to understand what these authors are doing right.A brief intro to Amazon AMS adsBefore we get into the case studies, it’s important to have a look at what Amazon ads do. If you’re already familiar with them - or have taken the Reedsy Learning course on Amazon ads for authors, or Dave Chesson's video training - you can skip th is part.When judging any advertising platform, you should think about four crucial things:Placement: where do the ads show up?Targeting: how can I decide whom the ads get shown to?Cost: when am I being charged? What is the minimum I need to invest?Analytics: how do I know if my ads are working or not?PlacementThere are two types of ads you can try on Amazon:Sponsored Product: these ads show up on search result listings and other books’ product pages (below the â€Å"also boughts†).The main thing to note is that his targeting is automatic.â€Å"Here’s my logic: Amazon knows! It’s creepy, but Amazon knows what you’re shopping for, what you’ve been looking at, what your interests are and how best to deliver the right advert at the right time.†For more insights into Joseph’s campaigns, take our free course on Amazon ads! Two of the 10 lessons are written by him and he shares everything about his process. On top of that, Joseph's a freelance book marketer on Reedsy. If you’re a non-fiction author looking to self-publish or to dabble with AMS ads, you can get in touch with him and seek his help.Takeaways for nonfiction authors:Try Sponsored Product ads first;If your book’s metadata is well-optimized, go for automatic targeting;Even if the ACoS isn't the best, consider the number of impressions you're getting and the impact in brand awareness.What's your experience with the AMS ad platform been like?   Share your insights with us below. If you have any questions for Annelie and Joseph, feel free to ask in the comments as well!

Relativism, Socrates & Plato, Aristotle's Virtue Ethics, Aristotle II Essay

Relativism, Socrates & Plato, Aristotle's Virtue Ethics, Aristotle II - Essay Example While the former deals only on the â€Å"what is†, the latter is concerned about â€Å"what ought to be†. As such, descriptive ethics looks into the morality of a person in particular or an entire society in general based on the actual conduct and behavior of the people under observation while normative ethics insist that human conduct and behavior must be measured against a universal set of prescribed moral norms which civilizations must follow and comply with. The third level of ethics is metaethics which is a study of the meaning behind ethical language and theories. It not only analyses and compares different moral standards; it also examines the significance and purpose of the ideas and concepts of ethics itself (Lutz 8). Moreover, these ethical theories may be differentiated from one another by looking into how they adopt the theory of relativism. On the one hand, normative ethics acknowledges that certain situations do arise which necessitate deviation from the p rescribed norms and thus require some degree of tolerance. On a case-to-case basis, a specific action is determined whether it is right or wrong by taking into consideration the specific circumstances which caused the deviation or non-compliance with the universal moral norms. On the other hand, relativism in metaethics takes into consideration the fact that people and societies come from different race, culture and set of common beliefs. Some degree of tolerance is given to the idiosyncrasies of cultures that are different from one’s own. As such, there is no absolute moral standard of right and wrong, rather, human conduct is measured against the prescribed norms of a given culture or group to which he belongs. 3.) Aristotle argues that ethics is the science of achieving happiness. What is his argument for this? What is happiness for Aristotle? And why doesn’t he think it is identical to pleasure? Explain the function argument and how it connects rationality with hap piness. What role do the virtues play in this argument? Aristotle argues that ethics is the science of achieving happiness because in order to be happy, a person must first conduct himself properly and attain his goals in life. For Aristotle, happiness is the ultimate goal of every person and the core motivation and driving force for all of our actions. Happiness is where all actions end and one will never stop until it is achieved. A person’s behavior and action can be likened to a pyramid which has a wide base of different goals for different needs. Then, as each goal is achieved, one moves forward and upward to another goal which brings him closer to the top where all other goals converge and end at point happiness. No matter how many or hard the obstacles and circumstances are, a person is motivated to move forward by the prospect of reaching to the top. Lest happiness be confused with mere pleasure, Aristotle expressly clarified that there is a world of difference betwee n happiness and pleasure, the latter being a mere emotion felt by a person when an intermediary goal is achieved. Throughout his journey to the apex of the pyramid, a person may feel pleasure as each specific goal brings him closer to his ultimate goal. Finally, according to Aristotle’s function argument, the function of man is to achieve rationality through different activities which call for the use of the human mental faculties. Human rationality is what separates us from plants and animals; we do not just exist in this world, we

How the Digital Transformed our Experiences of Art and Design Essay

How the Digital Transformed our Experiences of Art and Design - Essay Example Digital imaging has impacted various disciplines within the fields of art and design that range from painting, photography and the making of prints (Heller & Womack, 2007). Despite the fact that these technologies are expensive, they have helped students engaging in these fields to effectively practice their skills (Johnson, 2012). This has been enabled with the invention of software like Abode Photoshop and various other engineering drawing programs like Auto-CAD (Lockwood, 2009). Digital technologies used in paintings have been utilized for purposes of stimulating the painted marks by providing optical illusions (Museum Education Roundtable, 2003). There are computer programs like painter that have been designed for making clever tricks including automating the paintings of photographs (Susanka, 2004). They have brought about our ability to clearly differentiate the color values in images displayed on monitors with the advancements that are being made by several companies like Appl e Mackintosh (Johnson, 2012). The advances that have been made in digital technology have continuously given students in art along with design colleges’ greater opportunities in producing high quality works in two or three dimensions (Heller & Womack, 2007). ... The other risks that could arise from digital technologies result from the attribution of aesthetic elements to the artists and designers utilizing them (Friesinge, Grenzfurthner & Ballhausen, 2012). Recently there have been increases in the use of digital technologies which have resulted in the over influencing of the qualities of the final images desired through different processes that are semi-automated (Susanka, 2004). The use of modern digital applications may influence the assessment of diverse final outcomes in various works of art and designing by the viewers or users despite the fact that they may be faulty (Boomen, Lammes & Lehmann, 2009). Digital information enables designers and artists to independently express a wide variety of ideas with enthusiasm along with perseverance (Clark & Brody, 2009). Independent judgments are also enabled through the use of critical vocabulary that show a clear comprehension of the complex issues that may be involved in a situation (Heller & Womack, 2007). The technologies additionally help designers and artists to properly explore the processes that are involved in various the experiments they may carry out (Johnson, 2012). These experiments may be used for testing the strengths of different models by designers, the risks encountered after their implementation along with their effects on the surrounding (Museum Education Roundtable, 2003). The use of these technologies can therefore be said to have facilitated the creation of safer habitats for people along with better presentations by artists in their exhibitions (Susanka, 2004). Through the use of digital technologies, artists and designers have been able to clearly expound on complex issues that

The Utilitarianism approach Essay Example for Free

The Utilitarianism approach Essay 1. What do Act Utilitarianism believes? How do their beliefs differ from those of Rule Utilitarianism? According to Aggabao (2013), act utilitarianism (AU) capture that people must implement that deed that well bring about the greatest benefit for all people who concerned. Act utilitarianism believes that each situation is different from other situations. On other word each situation is unique and non-repeatable. So each individual has to try to avoid about the greatest number of good consequences for greatest number of people in specific situation and time. For example, teachers, who try and make their best to avoid their students with a greatest amount of their knowledge, are moral and act utilitarianists. This behavior from those teachers will lead to the greatest good consequences. Students will be able to answer their papers very well without any help from any sources (of course in specific time which is the semester and in specific situation which is the effort of teachers to teach students.). The differences between AU and RU are coming from what their beliefs involved. Act Utilitarianism (AU) believes that each situation is different. In contrast, rule utilitarianism (RU) believes that is people should reside and chase that the rule, of the place where they live, that will lead to great benefits for all concerned. For example, everyone should follow the traffic laws. If everybody follow these rules, that will bring about the greatest good consequences for greatest number of people. Act Utilitarianism requires simple rational thinking because the situations are different naturally, while Rule Utilitarianism requires rational, reasonable, and complex thinking from individual to establish between the rules. While RU control the generating greatest good, in AU greatest good are achieved automatically as a consequence of the actions.

History of Marriage Law Essay -- Essays Papers

History of Marriage Law While abortion law is a lot more straightforward and the patterns are obvious, marriage law in the United States is a bit more complicated. -English common law, and early American law, before the 1820's treated marriages like business mergers. The fathers paid dowries and often arranged marriages for their daughters. In the early 1800's fathers could contract their daughters to marriage as early as age 12 and there was no consent on her part. Boys had to be 14 before they could enter into a marriage contract. -The age at which a woman could enter into marriage in the mid-nineteenth century varied widely from state to state, and therefore a timeline of laws is very difficult to accomplish. -Throughout the 19th century and the early 20th century the age at which women could legally marry rose slowly to anywhere from 16-18 years of age by the mid 20th century. -States differed widely on what rights women had in a marriage. Until 1873 women had absolutely no claim to custody of their children unless proof of abuse of the children was offered and corroborated. -This is about the time that women began to get property rights as well in some states. The responsibilities that came with these rights, however, were huge and not all states were universal in their protection of a woman's property. If a woman did own anything, she had the legal obligation to use it to support completely any illegitimate children, all of her children from her marriage, her husband, her grandchildren, and her parents. So if any of these people asked her to support them she could not legally refuse. -Coming into World War I women could not divorce a husband for adultery, even though he could divorce his wife for the ... ...d so much about the decision, about the issue, and about the legality that reproductive choice makes even more sense to me now than it did originally. I recommend that anyone very interested in the issue of choice read the decision and look into the Griswold case and the issue of Right to Privacy. Bibliography "About.com Women's History: Comstock Law." Available online at www.about.com. "About.com Women's History: Man and Wife" available online at www.about.com Blackmun, Supreme Court Justice. Majority Decision in the Case of Roe v. Wade. Delivered January 22, 1973. "Brief History of the Emergence of the Crime of Rape" available online at Hansel.mnstate.edu/classes/CJ400/Monograph/Oldlaw21.html "History of Marriage" available online at www.2-in-2-1 co.uk/university/brhistory/index2.html Schwartz, Bernard. A History of the Supreme Court. 1993.

A study of Neanderthal ‘homo neanderthalensis’ morphology in terms of Bergman’s rule and Allen’s rule

Carl Bergman, a 19th century German biologist, stated that in a warm-blooded, polytypic, wide-ranging animal species, the body size of the members of each geographic group varies with the average environmental temperature.According to this principle, warm-blooded animals living in cold climates would tend to gradually become larger than animals of the same species living in warmer climates.J.A.Allen however said that animals adapted to cold have shorter limbs and protruding body parts.Taking these two rules together we could expect those living in cold, Northern climates to have short limbs, protruding body parts and be larger than those living in warmer places.It is believed that homo neanderthalis came North out of Africa 600,000 years ago. After that period there was an increase in their cranial capacity. They populated Europe from about 130,000 until 28,000 years ago when they either became extinct, or were so absorbed by homo sapiens as to become invisible. Fossils finds, associ ated with various cold adapted creatures such as reindeer.They had brow and jaw ridges and protruding faces. Palmer tuberosities   and tools found show that they probably had twice the strength of modern man. According to muscle attachment points and bone thicknesses it seems that they were more robust than modern man, but also that they were more sedentary. Homo sapiens ranged far and wide, whereas Neanderthals tended to stay in northern climes. Body mass increased in time, until they were about 30% larger than the worldwide average according to John Kappelman.McDonald makes the point that they lacked the culture to protect themselves from the elements and so adapted genetically with short, massively strong limbs, thick torso, prominent central face etc. Limb proportions are close to those of modern day extreme northern peoples such as the Inuit or Lapps. This fits in with the rules quoted earlier.References  Allen, J.A. The influence of Physical conditions in the genesis of sp ecies. Radical Review, 1877, 1: 108-140.Bergman,C. quoted inhttp://www.bartleby.com/61/98/B0199800.html retrieved 17th October 2007Kappelman, J., â€Å"They Might be Giants,† Nature, vol. 387 (May 8, 1997), pp. 126-127.Neanderthals found at   http://www.ecotao.com/holism/hu_neand.htm retrieved 17th October 2007McDonald, D.S., 1996, Neanderthal morphology found at http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/3917/morph.html retrieved 17th October 2007   A study of Neanderthal ‘homo neanderthalensis’ morphology in terms of Bergman’s rule and Allen’s rule Carl Bergman, a 19th century German biologist, stated that in a warm-blooded, polytypic, wide-ranging animal species, the body size of the members of each geographic group varies with the average environmental temperature.According to this principle, warm-blooded animals living in cold climates would tend to gradually become larger than animals of the same species living in warmer climates.J.A.Allen however said that animals adapted to cold have shorter limbs and protruding body parts.Taking these two rules together we could expect those living in cold, Northern climates to have short limbs, protruding body parts and be larger than those living in warmer places.It is believed that homo neanderthalis came North out of Africa 600,000 years ago. After that period there was an increase in their cranial capacity. They populated Europe from about 130,000 until 28,000 years ago when they either became extinct, or were so absorbed by homo sapiens as to become invisible.Fossils finds, associa ted with various cold adapted creatures such as reindeer. They had brow and jaw ridges and protruding faces. Palmer tuberosities   and tools found show that they probably had twice the strength of modern man. According to muscle attachment points and bone thicknesses it seems that they were more robust than modern man, but also that they were more sedentary.Homo sapiens ranged far and wide, whereas Neanderthals tended to stay in northern climes. Body mass increased in time, until they were about 30% larger than the worldwide average according to John Kappelman.McDonald makes the point that they lacked the culture to protect themselves from the elements and so adapted genetically with short, massively strong limbs, thick torso, prominent central face etc. Limb proportions are close to those of modern day extreme northern peoples such as the Inuit or Lapps. This fits in with the rules quoted earlier.References  Allen, J.A. The influence of Physical conditions in the genesis of spe cies. Radical Review, 1877, 1: 108-140.Bergman,C. quoted in http://www.bartleby.com/61/98/B0199800.html retrieved 17th October 2007Kappelman, J., â€Å"They Might be Giants,† Nature, vol. 387 (May 8, 1997), pp. 126-127.Neanderthals found at   http://www.ecotao.com/holism/hu_neand.htm retrieved 17th October 2007McDonald, D.S., 1996, Neanderthal morphology found at http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/3917/morph.html retrieved 17th October 2007  

Theories of Leadersip - 1506 Words

In taking part in the Seven Habits Profile, it is easy to see what parts take precedence and which go on the back burner. While knowing what the end goal is, there is not motivation and there is evident procrastination. These are shown in sections 4 and 5. For example, I want to advance in my career within the hospital setting but have been slow in completing tasks for my higher level degrees. Knowing what my long term goals are is one of the qualities I have that make me an authentic leader. Also, my desire to work with others is high. In taking the Seven Habits Profile, I learned I am fairly even across the board with a few outliers. Having everything so across the board shows that I have the same care for my own thoughts as I do others.†¦show more content†¦A weakness I have that is large is building resilience (Metcalf, 2014). I can be a little sensitive at times when there is criticism. I must learn to focus on my own strengths and not take experiences so personally, bu t rather use it as learning tool for the future. There is always room to improve yourself. First step is to build self-awareness (Metcalf, 2014). This is to really see who you are within in regard to leadership style. Then learn about the people you interact with and their leadership style. When learning what all involved different leadership styles are, it is easier to make an environment where all party’s styles are balanced and comfortable with interacting with one another. Another change is to respond to situations a little quicker while still have myself and genuinely in the equation. This is to â€Å" learn to expand your repertoire of skills and behaviors.† This takes listening skills as wells as understanding, even when disagreeing with the person speaking to you. Lastly, learning to utilize my emotional intelligence will help with success. Learning to understand others and being flexible to get to their level to get the job done. I must learn to practic e patience and not get irritated when someone is not doing things the same way I would. S.M.A.R.T. goals are a tool to goalShow MoreRelatedLeadership Styles Are Interconnected With Culture And Tradition Of An Organization?1066 Words   |  5 Pagesleadership. 2.High task and high relationship - participative style of leadership 3.Low-task and low relationship -free rein style leadersip 4.High task and low relationship - autocratic style of leadership 3. Based on assumptions about people - 1. Theory X - They do not trust people and believe in close supervision and tight control over the employees. 2. Theory Y - They are participative ,trust people on an organisation and allow them to participate in decision- making. 4.. EntrepreneurshipRead MoreResponse to Change Essay977 Words   |  4 Pages66(5), e85-e88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2012.004432 Marquis, B. L., Huston, C. J. (2012). Leadersip Roles and Management functions in Nursing (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams Wilkins. McGarry, D., Cashin, A., Fowler, C. (2012, June). Child and adolescent nursing and the ’plastic man’ Reflections on the implementation of change drawing insight from Lewin’s theory of planned change. Contempory Nurse, 41(2), 263-270. http://dx.doi.org/ Read MoreOrganizational Culture1980 Words   |  8 Pagesdistributive value where equality of outcomes emphasizes members’ common fate, and promotes solidarity and social cohesion. The different ways in which organizations seek to resolve this distributive dilemma have been described in terms of a typological theory of organizations. The more unequal or centralized the power structure is in an organization, the more equity values (or an equity orientation) predominate, and the more resources and rewards will tend to be differentially (i.e. unequally) allocatedRead More Organizational Culture Essay1861 Words   |  8 Pagesdistributive value where equality of outcomes emphasizes members’ common fate, and promotes solidarity and social cohesion. The different ways in which organizations seek to resolve this distributive dilemma have been described in terms of a typological theory of organizations. The more unequal or centralized the power structure is in an organization, the more equity values (or an equity orientation) predominate, and the more resources and rewards will tend to be differentially (i.e. unequally) allocatedRead MoreIncrease Student Achievement And Increase Teacher Accountability Essay3324 Words   |  14 Pagestruly would motivate them to be a better teacher in the classroom. Because we have been doing this study during the summer, we decided we would send out a survey to teachers in two different schools. One survey was sent out to teachers at American Leadersip Academy Elementary and one survey out to teachers in Gunnison Valley Elementary. The reason we chose to do two different surveys is to see if there was a difference between how teachers at a charter school felt about performance pay compared to